Which observation instrument focuses on specific observable traits and characteristics of a student?

The correct choice is the checklist, as this instrument is designed to focus on specific observable traits and characteristics of a student. Checklists usually consist of predefined criteria for observing a student's behavior or skills, allowing evaluators to mark off the traits that are seen or exhibited. This structured approach enables counselors and educators to gather data systematically regarding a student's performance, behavior, or specific attributes in a consistent manner.

Rating scales involve assigning values or scores to specific traits, but they don't strictly categorize the observations into a yes/no format like a checklist, which focuses on whether or not certain characteristics are present. Open-ended interviews provide feedback and insights from the student but do not offer a systematic way to observe and record specific traits as checklists do. Self-assessments are completed by the students themselves, focusing on their perceptions rather than on observable characteristics. Therefore, checklists remain the most effective tool for directly assessing defined observable traits.